Against Legalizing Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Against Legalizing Prostitution - Essay Example nthropology, and Social Work at Central Michigan University and Shekarkhar works at the Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law at the University of Florida. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar center around the imperfections of the current development and propose elective developments rather than prostitution decriminalization. As indicated by Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar, prostitution stays unlawful in many pieces of the US. The creators question whether there is experimental proof to help United States’ contention that prostitution must stay unlawful for upkeep of general wellbeing/security. As indicated by the article, there are four suspicions of laws on prostitution. These suppositions incorporate illegalisation of prostitution prevents the requesting of such administrations, prostitution spreads explicitly transmitted sicknesses, sex work builds the weakness of whores to exploitation, and prostitution makes social issue. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar contend, â€Å"†¦these suppositions have dread initiating part coordinated towards prostitutes† (45). The creators include that the suppositions may likewise not be observationally substantial. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar accept that laws on prostitution are coordinated towards profiting certain individuals and gatherings in the public eye, yet pulverizing others. Network individuals don't have regular convictions; subsequently, the laws are helpful who accept that trade of sex for cash is ethically unforgivable and an exit from the customary family request. The creators place that illegalisation of prostitution prompts shameful acts since it demonizes sex laborers, encroaching their entitlement to utilize their bodies as a wellspring of pay. The imperfections distinguished in the current prostitution laws makes Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar require an elective development for tending to the wasteful aspects. Moreover, Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar set that prostitution ought to really be decriminalized in light of the fact that it is widespread among the privileged residents whose odds of criminalization are

Soft Systems Methodology

One of the 21st century’s premier rambling perspectives is the way that, over the long haul, an ever increasing number of individuals understand the basically relativist hugeness of the very thought of methodology.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Soft Systems Methodology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is on the grounds that, because of the ongoing achievements in the fields of material science, brain research, robotics and humanism, the suspicion that the viable use of a specific procedure is being worried about finding the true ‘truth’ can never again be considered adroitly authentic. All things considered, these disclosures recommend that in this world, there is just the unbiasedly existing reality and distinctive educational models that depict the subjective/rambling undertones of its perceptible transmissions. Nonetheless, given the way that the way toward building methodologically stable educational models ( speculations) is in effect unavoidably influenced by organically and ecologically characterized subjective inclinations, with respect to the concerned researchers, it is explicitly the degree of these models’ reasonable ease of use, which ought to be viewed as the genuine proportion of their ‘truthfulness’. Accordingly, it is completely reasonable why Peter Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) keeps on getting perpetually mainstream, as a viable instrument of tending to foundational issues with a firmly characterized human factor to them †SSM shows up altogether balanced with the arrangements of the prior referenced strategy related talk of advancement. In my paper, I will expect to investigate the legitimacy of this proposal finally. The primary hypothetical reason, whereupon SSM is based, is the suspicion that, dissimilar to what it happened to be the situation with non-human robotic frameworks, the elements inside human frameworks (for exampl e the group of representatives) are not being exclusively characterized with respect to the subjective details of these systems’ vital components, yet in addition concerning the shifting parts of a ‘interconnectedness’ between the components being referred to. In their turn, the verbose highlights of this ‘interconnectedness’ never stop experiencing a spatial/subjective change, as they mirror the procedure of people’s perspectives being consistently balanced, in agreement to what happened to be their carriers’ intrinsic intellectual inclinations and the situational nature of outside conditions, which influence the concerned individuals’ dynamic inclinations.Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, the SSM’s preeminent calculated propose †those responsible for guaranteeing the utilitarian respectabil ity of a specific human framework/association, ought not be worried about finding an all around pertinent ‘solution’ to what they see comprises an exhibition looming issue, yet rather with distinguishing the problem’s digressive implications. As Checkland noted, â€Å"We had moved away from working with the possibility of a ‘obvious’ issue which expected arrangement, to that of working with the possibility of a circumstance which a few people, for different reasons, may see as problematical† (2000, p. 15) . In its turn, this should set up target preconditions for the degree of the influenced people’s perceptual subjectivity, with respect to the issue being referred to, to be significantly diminished †thus, ‘empowering’ them, in the authoritative feeling of this word. The SSM’s premier methodological core values can be planned as follows: Assess the rambling hugeness of a specific ‘real-world’ circum stance by the mean of estimating the multifaceted nature of its fundamental parts. Investigate the distinguished relations by means of the appropriate models of intentional action, in view of unequivocal perspectives. Direct a request by scrutinizing the apparent circumstance, while utilizing the models as a wellspring of inquiries. Detail a methodology towards improving the circumstance being referred to by recognizing the extent of conceivable ‘accommodations’ (forms of the circumstance, with which the concerned partners can be pretty much agreeable). Indeed, even a concise look at these standards, permits us to pinpoint the principle applied attribute of SSM †instead of what it is being the situation with the strategies of ‘hard’ sciences, Checkland’s approach infers its hypothetical premises being the subject of a persistent change/adjustment. This is on the grounds that, while surveying the noteworthiness of ‘real-world’ circum stances, we constantly do it from our profoundly emotional existential points of view, intelligent of the substance of the applicable outside conditions, which influence the mechanics of our psychological commitment with the encompassing reality. Subsequently, despite the fact that that the very name of Checkland’s methodological methodology means the idea of ‘systemness’ , inside the SSM’s hypothetical structure, this thought isn't being worried about the procedure of investigates arranging the quintessence of people’s reactions to outer stimuli.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Soft Systems Methodology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rather, it is being worried about the procedure of SSM’s professionals recognizing essential and optional inspirations driving the considered personal conduct standards, as ‘things in themselves’. As indicated by Ledington and Donaldson, â€Å"(In SSM) The u tilization of the word ‘system’ is not, at this point applied to the world, it is rather applied to the procedure of our managing the world† (1997, p. 230). The considerable strides of how SSM’s professionals approach expanding the proficiency of a specific ‘soft’ system’s working can be illustrated as follows: Practitioner figures the arranged change action’s defense, its points, and distinguishes the extent of related exercises. Professional chooses the exercises that can be executed freely of others. Expert chooses the exercises, the fruitful execution of which relies upon the strong usage of the free ones, and dissects the subjective quintessence of developing conditions. Expert decreases the quantity of set up conditions by expelling the covering ones †consequently, sketching out the most asset effective technique towards the tranformation’s usage. Consequently, the basic segments of SSM’s worldview, usuall y condensed as CATWOE: Customers †people that might be possibly influenced by the expected change, Actors †people accountable for the transformation’s usage, Transformation †the productivity encouraging procedure, ‘Weltanschauung’ †the subjective parts of the concerned parties’ perspectives, Owners †people equipped for keeping the ideal change from occurring, Environmental limitations †outer conditions, fit for influencing the pace of the transformation’s execution (Hardman and Paucar-Caceres 2011). By remaining altogether attentive, regarding the rambling ramifications of an interconnectedness between these components, SSM’s professionals are relied upon to have the option to concoct an actually supported arrangement for applying changes to the working of pretty much any ‘soft’ framework. The legitimacy of SSM’s applied arrangements can be handily outlined concerning what represent the partic ulars of a post-mechanical living in Western nations, which thus cause increasingly more center level chiefs to encounter troubles, while on the line of executing their expert obligations. For instance, even today it speaks to an ordinary practice among a considerable lot of these administrators to accept that the degree of employees’ productivity emphatically connects with the measure of cash they are being paid. Nonetheless, it currently turned into a settled actuality that the act of expanding employees’ compensations doesn't really bring about expanding the nature of their expert performance.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The purpose behind this is evident †over the long haul, people’s perspectives towards the very thought of ‘professional satisfaction’ keep on accomplishing subjectively new nuances. While, the possibility of accepting a satisfactory compensation may fill in as a splendidly stable exhibition animating motivator for people that experience the ill effects of monetary hardships, this can't be the situation, when those that appreciate nearly elevated expectations of living are being concerned. This is on the grounds that, in full understanding with Maslow’s ‘theory of needs’, in the wake of having fulfilled their ‘first order’ existential wants (for example making sure about generously compensated occupations and purchasing houses/lofts), individuals proceed onward to look for the fulfillment of their ‘second order’ and ‘third order’ wants, for example, accomplishing self-completion, for instance (Sadri Bo wen 2011). Consequently, there can be no much sense in anticipating that monetarily wealthy representatives should keep trying to be equipped for expanded pay rates, as their principal need throughout everyday life, which would give directors a justification to continue with alluding to workers, as people completely distracted with bringing in cash. This, obviously, makes digressive essentials for explicitly SSM to

Trendy Reif Strikes Again

Trendy Reif Strikes Again University presidents are the black suit-wearing overseers who sit at the back of every school event while silently staring at everyone with looks of disapproval. Except theyre not like that at all. Theyre vibrant and full of personality and theyre breaking the stereotype of the university president. My favorite example of such continues to be MIT President L. Rafael Reif, who always surprises students by doing quirky things in an otherwise formal job, like taking a selfie before giving his speech at the 148th Commencement. On Friday, August 22nd 2014 at 11am, President L. Rafael Reif was doused with ice water from a ten foot tall wooden contraption built by MIT Fraternity Phi Delta Theta. Then he was doused with ice water from another ten foot tall wooden contraption built by MIT Fraternity Pi Lambda Phi. Reif was nominated twice for the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, one by Harvard President Drew G. Faust and the second by MITs Edgerton Center. He was joined for his first drench by Chancellor Cynthia Barnhart SM 86, PhD 88 and Provost Marty Schmidt SM 83, PhD 88, as well as by volunteers in the audience. The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is a viral social media trend aimed at raising awareness of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aka Lou Gherigs disease. The challenge is to dump ice water on yourself, donate $100 to the ALS Association, or do both, and then publish the video onto social media with a list of new nominees and a link back to the ALS Association donation page. The trend has been questioned by many as people and celebrities began doing the challenge while neglecting linking to the cause but the challenge has no doubt raised over $80 million, according the ALS Associations website. Reif dedicated the event to Karolina Fraczkowska 01, whose husband, Thomas Phelan, passed away from ALS earlier in the summer. Reif challenged Undergrad Association President Shruti Sharma 15, MIT Graduate Student Council President Kendall Nowocin SM 13, Caltech President Thomas F. Rosenbaum, UC Berkeley Chancellor Nicholas B. Dirks, and Brown University President Christina Paxson. When I arrived to the event I saw fancy cameras all over the place, so I knew if my video was to compete, I would have to get a great view. Shuffling my way through the crowd, I got the front row on the left side where I could see all of the action. Someone was in front me but he was crouching down so I didnt worry about it. That is, until

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Personal Response to the...

‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ is a 2006 novel by Irish novelist John Boyne; this is his fourth novel, and the first he has written for children. My classmates and I have read the book and watched the trailer of its newly releasing movie. And I have to say, this novel is really remarkable. The novel truly engages the reader completely into the book and it’s difficult to put down. â€Å"Believe me†!!.......the trailer is all the more brilliant, with a high standard quality and exceptionally mind capturing images. ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ is told through the eyes of an eight year old boy shielded from the reality of World War II. Bruno is growing up in Berlin, but moves to Auschwitz during World War II, sets out to explore the†¦show more content†¦The film of this first rate excellent novel is directed by Mark Herman and is set in a studio in Budapest Hungary, and was filmed between April and June 2007. The film is a production of a company called Miramax. The role of Bruno is played by actor Asa Butterfield who is the main protagonist in the movie. The film crew experienced some problems finding a house that would be suitable in the film, so they had to build one. Latest technology is used in the scenes to make them look extra special ( e.g. camera angles, lightings etc) , settings and lightings in the movie make it so exceptional for example in the scene where the wife and husband are arguing, the light projects a darker shadow creating an intense feeling. At the start of the trailer, the background soundtrack is very calm and soothing, but as the minutes of the trailer increase, the build up of tension and quickness in the soundtrack increases too, loud instruments and sharpness of the sound are formed and the instruments are all played at the same time near to the end of the trailer where the upsetting ending happens, the instrument and sound techniques create tension and the build up of suspense synchronizing with the ending of the trailer, also the suspense wants to match the feelings an individual would have when getting closer to knowing what happens in the end. ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ transforms from a novel into a movie. The speed of the trailer decreases towards the

The Definition and Basic Rules of Punctuation

Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays

Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash.† Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1. reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10.driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc.; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc.; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15. illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;.8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc.; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns  for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc. may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane  markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both.† â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by  driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both.† Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes, Papers Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash. † Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1.  reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10. driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc. ; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc. ; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15.  illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;. 8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc. ; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc.  may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both. † â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both. † Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes, Papers

Theory of Motivation In Relation to Money-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Similarities and Relationship among Maslow, Herzberg and Mcgregor theories of Motivation. 2.Discuss about the Similarities in Maslows and Herzbergs Motivation theory. Answers: 1.The Maslows Hierarchy Theory is based on providing proper motivation to the individuals and satisfying the different needs of the individuals as well. Furthermore, the Herzbergs theory includes hygiene as well as motivational approach and this helps in satisfying the needs of the customers as well. Lastly, McGregor X and y approach helps in analyzing the motivation at the workforce that is applied by the managers of the organization. These are the three theories of motivation that has proper relationship with one another and this will help in understanding the similarities as well between one another. From the diagram, it can be analyzed that these three different theories work for creating motivation for the employees in the organization. These are the theories that help in making the employees choose the goals and the needs that will motivate them. 2.Firstly, the Maslows and Herzbergs motivation theory have few similarities that includes that the physiological as well as safety needs are having similarity with the hygiene factors of Herzberg as these both are essential for life (Cao et al., 2013). For example: In order to reach to the safety needs in the Maslows pyramid, the money has to be earned properly and the salary is the hygiene factor in the theory of Herzberg as money has control in maintaining life (Katenova, Mahmood Sharfaraj, 2013) Figure 1: Similarities in Maslows and Herzberg Theory of motivation and hygiene (Source: Created by author) Similarities in Maslows and McGregor Motivation theory Figure 2: Similarities in Maslows and McGregor Motivation theory (Source: Created by author) Similarly, there is relationship between the Maslows and McGregors theory of motivation wherein the individuals who are the ones who dislikes working as well as these are the individuals who have to be controlled as well as threatened to be delivered whatever is required (Malik Naeem, 2013). These are the employees who avoid responsibility and there is no motivation for work. This kind of Theory X employees are compared with the security and safety needs and they cannot perform anything on their own. These are the individuals who cannot be motivated by providing money as well (Lester, 2013). Furthermore, the Theory Y employees are the ones who like working and they are the ones who are self motivated in performing their tasks. These are the employees who do not need much direction from the supervisors and they consider work as an integral part of their life. This kind of theory Y is compared with the Maslows hierarchy theory wherein there is self actualization and self esteem needs among the employees. These are the employees who are motivated with different approaches such as money and other benefits. Therefore it can be inferred that there is a proper relation between the Maslow as well as McGregor theory of motivational approaches (Prottas, 2016). Similarities in Herzbergs and McGregor motivation theory There is a similarity between the Herzberg as well as McGregor motivation theory wherein it relates with the theory Y of McGregor theory. There is a characteristic that is common in both the theories wherein the components of the Herzberg such as recognition, responsibility of the work, advancement as well as motivate people through providing incentives or monetary benefits can have huge effect on making the employees more motivated (Lawter, Kopelman Prottas, 2015). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that there is similarity between the Maslow, McGregor as well as Herzberg theory of motivation in relation to money. The money can be a proper motivational factor that can help in motivating the employees in the entire organization and this is related to the three motivational and hygiene related theories of Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg. References Cao, H., Jiang, J., Oh, L. B., Li, H., Liao, X., Chen, Z. (2013). A Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance.Journal of Service Management,24(2), 170-190. Katenova, M., Mahmood, M., Sharfaraj, M. (2013). EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION IN A TRANSITION ECONOMY: IS HERZBERG THEORY VALID IN KAZAKHSTAN?.Journal of International Management Studies,13(2). Lawter, L., Kopelman, R. E., Prottas, D. J. (2015). McGregor's theory X/Y and job performance: A multilevel, multi-source analysis.Journal of Managerial Issues,27(1-4), 84. Lester, D. (2013). Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), 15-17. Malik, M. E., Naeem, B. (2013). Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), 1031-1036. Prottas, D. J. (2016). McGregor's Theory X/Y and Job Performance: A Multilevel, Multi-source Analysis.Journal of Managerial Issues.