Against Legalizing Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Against Legalizing Prostitution - Essay Example nthropology, and Social Work at Central Michigan University and Shekarkhar works at the Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law at the University of Florida. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar center around the imperfections of the current development and propose elective developments rather than prostitution decriminalization. As indicated by Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar, prostitution stays unlawful in many pieces of the US. The creators question whether there is experimental proof to help United States’ contention that prostitution must stay unlawful for upkeep of general wellbeing/security. As indicated by the article, there are four suspicions of laws on prostitution. These suppositions incorporate illegalisation of prostitution prevents the requesting of such administrations, prostitution spreads explicitly transmitted sicknesses, sex work builds the weakness of whores to exploitation, and prostitution makes social issue. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar contend, â€Å"†¦these suppositions have dread initiating part coordinated towards prostitutes† (45). The creators include that the suppositions may likewise not be observationally substantial. Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar accept that laws on prostitution are coordinated towards profiting certain individuals and gatherings in the public eye, yet pulverizing others. Network individuals don't have regular convictions; subsequently, the laws are helpful who accept that trade of sex for cash is ethically unforgivable and an exit from the customary family request. The creators place that illegalisation of prostitution prompts shameful acts since it demonizes sex laborers, encroaching their entitlement to utilize their bodies as a wellspring of pay. The imperfections distinguished in the current prostitution laws makes Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar require an elective development for tending to the wasteful aspects. Moreover, Hayes-Smith and Shekarkhar set that prostitution ought to really be decriminalized in light of the fact that it is widespread among the privileged residents whose odds of criminalization are

Soft Systems Methodology

One of the 21st century’s premier rambling perspectives is the way that, over the long haul, an ever increasing number of individuals understand the basically relativist hugeness of the very thought of methodology.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Soft Systems Methodology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is on the grounds that, because of the ongoing achievements in the fields of material science, brain research, robotics and humanism, the suspicion that the viable use of a specific procedure is being worried about finding the true ‘truth’ can never again be considered adroitly authentic. All things considered, these disclosures recommend that in this world, there is just the unbiasedly existing reality and distinctive educational models that depict the subjective/rambling undertones of its perceptible transmissions. Nonetheless, given the way that the way toward building methodologically stable educational models ( speculations) is in effect unavoidably influenced by organically and ecologically characterized subjective inclinations, with respect to the concerned researchers, it is explicitly the degree of these models’ reasonable ease of use, which ought to be viewed as the genuine proportion of their ‘truthfulness’. Accordingly, it is completely reasonable why Peter Checkland’s Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) keeps on getting perpetually mainstream, as a viable instrument of tending to foundational issues with a firmly characterized human factor to them †SSM shows up altogether balanced with the arrangements of the prior referenced strategy related talk of advancement. In my paper, I will expect to investigate the legitimacy of this proposal finally. The primary hypothetical reason, whereupon SSM is based, is the suspicion that, dissimilar to what it happened to be the situation with non-human robotic frameworks, the elements inside human frameworks (for exampl e the group of representatives) are not being exclusively characterized with respect to the subjective details of these systems’ vital components, yet in addition concerning the shifting parts of a ‘interconnectedness’ between the components being referred to. In their turn, the verbose highlights of this ‘interconnectedness’ never stop experiencing a spatial/subjective change, as they mirror the procedure of people’s perspectives being consistently balanced, in agreement to what happened to be their carriers’ intrinsic intellectual inclinations and the situational nature of outside conditions, which influence the concerned individuals’ dynamic inclinations.Advertising Looking for article on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hence, the SSM’s preeminent calculated propose †those responsible for guaranteeing the utilitarian respectabil ity of a specific human framework/association, ought not be worried about finding an all around pertinent ‘solution’ to what they see comprises an exhibition looming issue, yet rather with distinguishing the problem’s digressive implications. As Checkland noted, â€Å"We had moved away from working with the possibility of a ‘obvious’ issue which expected arrangement, to that of working with the possibility of a circumstance which a few people, for different reasons, may see as problematical† (2000, p. 15) . In its turn, this should set up target preconditions for the degree of the influenced people’s perceptual subjectivity, with respect to the issue being referred to, to be significantly diminished †thus, ‘empowering’ them, in the authoritative feeling of this word. The SSM’s premier methodological core values can be planned as follows: Assess the rambling hugeness of a specific ‘real-world’ circum stance by the mean of estimating the multifaceted nature of its fundamental parts. Investigate the distinguished relations by means of the appropriate models of intentional action, in view of unequivocal perspectives. Direct a request by scrutinizing the apparent circumstance, while utilizing the models as a wellspring of inquiries. Detail a methodology towards improving the circumstance being referred to by recognizing the extent of conceivable ‘accommodations’ (forms of the circumstance, with which the concerned partners can be pretty much agreeable). Indeed, even a concise look at these standards, permits us to pinpoint the principle applied attribute of SSM †instead of what it is being the situation with the strategies of ‘hard’ sciences, Checkland’s approach infers its hypothetical premises being the subject of a persistent change/adjustment. This is on the grounds that, while surveying the noteworthiness of ‘real-world’ circum stances, we constantly do it from our profoundly emotional existential points of view, intelligent of the substance of the applicable outside conditions, which influence the mechanics of our psychological commitment with the encompassing reality. Subsequently, despite the fact that that the very name of Checkland’s methodological methodology means the idea of ‘systemness’ , inside the SSM’s hypothetical structure, this thought isn't being worried about the procedure of investigates arranging the quintessence of people’s reactions to outer stimuli.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Soft Systems Methodology explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rather, it is being worried about the procedure of SSM’s professionals recognizing essential and optional inspirations driving the considered personal conduct standards, as ‘things in themselves’. As indicated by Ledington and Donaldson, â€Å"(In SSM) The u tilization of the word ‘system’ is not, at this point applied to the world, it is rather applied to the procedure of our managing the world† (1997, p. 230). The considerable strides of how SSM’s professionals approach expanding the proficiency of a specific ‘soft’ system’s working can be illustrated as follows: Practitioner figures the arranged change action’s defense, its points, and distinguishes the extent of related exercises. Professional chooses the exercises that can be executed freely of others. Expert chooses the exercises, the fruitful execution of which relies upon the strong usage of the free ones, and dissects the subjective quintessence of developing conditions. Expert decreases the quantity of set up conditions by expelling the covering ones †consequently, sketching out the most asset effective technique towards the tranformation’s usage. Consequently, the basic segments of SSM’s worldview, usuall y condensed as CATWOE: Customers †people that might be possibly influenced by the expected change, Actors †people accountable for the transformation’s usage, Transformation †the productivity encouraging procedure, ‘Weltanschauung’ †the subjective parts of the concerned parties’ perspectives, Owners †people equipped for keeping the ideal change from occurring, Environmental limitations †outer conditions, fit for influencing the pace of the transformation’s execution (Hardman and Paucar-Caceres 2011). By remaining altogether attentive, regarding the rambling ramifications of an interconnectedness between these components, SSM’s professionals are relied upon to have the option to concoct an actually supported arrangement for applying changes to the working of pretty much any ‘soft’ framework. The legitimacy of SSM’s applied arrangements can be handily outlined concerning what represent the partic ulars of a post-mechanical living in Western nations, which thus cause increasingly more center level chiefs to encounter troubles, while on the line of executing their expert obligations. For instance, even today it speaks to an ordinary practice among a considerable lot of these administrators to accept that the degree of employees’ productivity emphatically connects with the measure of cash they are being paid. Nonetheless, it currently turned into a settled actuality that the act of expanding employees’ compensations doesn't really bring about expanding the nature of their expert performance.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The purpose behind this is evident †over the long haul, people’s perspectives towards the very thought of ‘professional satisfaction’ keep on accomplishing subjectively new nuances. While, the possibility of accepting a satisfactory compensation may fill in as a splendidly stable exhibition animating motivator for people that experience the ill effects of monetary hardships, this can't be the situation, when those that appreciate nearly elevated expectations of living are being concerned. This is on the grounds that, in full understanding with Maslow’s ‘theory of needs’, in the wake of having fulfilled their ‘first order’ existential wants (for example making sure about generously compensated occupations and purchasing houses/lofts), individuals proceed onward to look for the fulfillment of their ‘second order’ and ‘third order’ wants, for example, accomplishing self-completion, for instance (Sadri Bo wen 2011). Consequently, there can be no much sense in anticipating that monetarily wealthy representatives should keep trying to be equipped for expanded pay rates, as their principal need throughout everyday life, which would give directors a justification to continue with alluding to workers, as people completely distracted with bringing in cash. This, obviously, makes digressive essentials for explicitly SSM to

Trendy Reif Strikes Again

Trendy Reif Strikes Again University presidents are the black suit-wearing overseers who sit at the back of every school event while silently staring at everyone with looks of disapproval. Except theyre not like that at all. Theyre vibrant and full of personality and theyre breaking the stereotype of the university president. My favorite example of such continues to be MIT President L. Rafael Reif, who always surprises students by doing quirky things in an otherwise formal job, like taking a selfie before giving his speech at the 148th Commencement. On Friday, August 22nd 2014 at 11am, President L. Rafael Reif was doused with ice water from a ten foot tall wooden contraption built by MIT Fraternity Phi Delta Theta. Then he was doused with ice water from another ten foot tall wooden contraption built by MIT Fraternity Pi Lambda Phi. Reif was nominated twice for the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, one by Harvard President Drew G. Faust and the second by MITs Edgerton Center. He was joined for his first drench by Chancellor Cynthia Barnhart SM 86, PhD 88 and Provost Marty Schmidt SM 83, PhD 88, as well as by volunteers in the audience. The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge is a viral social media trend aimed at raising awareness of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, aka Lou Gherigs disease. The challenge is to dump ice water on yourself, donate $100 to the ALS Association, or do both, and then publish the video onto social media with a list of new nominees and a link back to the ALS Association donation page. The trend has been questioned by many as people and celebrities began doing the challenge while neglecting linking to the cause but the challenge has no doubt raised over $80 million, according the ALS Associations website. Reif dedicated the event to Karolina Fraczkowska 01, whose husband, Thomas Phelan, passed away from ALS earlier in the summer. Reif challenged Undergrad Association President Shruti Sharma 15, MIT Graduate Student Council President Kendall Nowocin SM 13, Caltech President Thomas F. Rosenbaum, UC Berkeley Chancellor Nicholas B. Dirks, and Brown University President Christina Paxson. When I arrived to the event I saw fancy cameras all over the place, so I knew if my video was to compete, I would have to get a great view. Shuffling my way through the crowd, I got the front row on the left side where I could see all of the action. Someone was in front me but he was crouching down so I didnt worry about it. That is, until

The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas Personal Response to the...

‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ is a 2006 novel by Irish novelist John Boyne; this is his fourth novel, and the first he has written for children. My classmates and I have read the book and watched the trailer of its newly releasing movie. And I have to say, this novel is really remarkable. The novel truly engages the reader completely into the book and it’s difficult to put down. â€Å"Believe me†!!.......the trailer is all the more brilliant, with a high standard quality and exceptionally mind capturing images. ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ is told through the eyes of an eight year old boy shielded from the reality of World War II. Bruno is growing up in Berlin, but moves to Auschwitz during World War II, sets out to explore the†¦show more content†¦The film of this first rate excellent novel is directed by Mark Herman and is set in a studio in Budapest Hungary, and was filmed between April and June 2007. The film is a production of a company called Miramax. The role of Bruno is played by actor Asa Butterfield who is the main protagonist in the movie. The film crew experienced some problems finding a house that would be suitable in the film, so they had to build one. Latest technology is used in the scenes to make them look extra special ( e.g. camera angles, lightings etc) , settings and lightings in the movie make it so exceptional for example in the scene where the wife and husband are arguing, the light projects a darker shadow creating an intense feeling. At the start of the trailer, the background soundtrack is very calm and soothing, but as the minutes of the trailer increase, the build up of tension and quickness in the soundtrack increases too, loud instruments and sharpness of the sound are formed and the instruments are all played at the same time near to the end of the trailer where the upsetting ending happens, the instrument and sound techniques create tension and the build up of suspense synchronizing with the ending of the trailer, also the suspense wants to match the feelings an individual would have when getting closer to knowing what happens in the end. ‘The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas’ transforms from a novel into a movie. The speed of the trailer decreases towards the

The Definition and Basic Rules of Punctuation

Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays

Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash.† Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1. reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10.driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc.; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc.; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15. illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;.8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc.; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns  for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc. may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane  markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both.† â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by  driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both.† Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes, Papers Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash. † Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1.  reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10. driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc. ; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc. ; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15.  illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;. 8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc. ; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc.  may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both. † â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both. † Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes, Papers

Theory of Motivation In Relation to Money-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Similarities and Relationship among Maslow, Herzberg and Mcgregor theories of Motivation. 2.Discuss about the Similarities in Maslows and Herzbergs Motivation theory. Answers: 1.The Maslows Hierarchy Theory is based on providing proper motivation to the individuals and satisfying the different needs of the individuals as well. Furthermore, the Herzbergs theory includes hygiene as well as motivational approach and this helps in satisfying the needs of the customers as well. Lastly, McGregor X and y approach helps in analyzing the motivation at the workforce that is applied by the managers of the organization. These are the three theories of motivation that has proper relationship with one another and this will help in understanding the similarities as well between one another. From the diagram, it can be analyzed that these three different theories work for creating motivation for the employees in the organization. These are the theories that help in making the employees choose the goals and the needs that will motivate them. 2.Firstly, the Maslows and Herzbergs motivation theory have few similarities that includes that the physiological as well as safety needs are having similarity with the hygiene factors of Herzberg as these both are essential for life (Cao et al., 2013). For example: In order to reach to the safety needs in the Maslows pyramid, the money has to be earned properly and the salary is the hygiene factor in the theory of Herzberg as money has control in maintaining life (Katenova, Mahmood Sharfaraj, 2013) Figure 1: Similarities in Maslows and Herzberg Theory of motivation and hygiene (Source: Created by author) Similarities in Maslows and McGregor Motivation theory Figure 2: Similarities in Maslows and McGregor Motivation theory (Source: Created by author) Similarly, there is relationship between the Maslows and McGregors theory of motivation wherein the individuals who are the ones who dislikes working as well as these are the individuals who have to be controlled as well as threatened to be delivered whatever is required (Malik Naeem, 2013). These are the employees who avoid responsibility and there is no motivation for work. This kind of Theory X employees are compared with the security and safety needs and they cannot perform anything on their own. These are the individuals who cannot be motivated by providing money as well (Lester, 2013). Furthermore, the Theory Y employees are the ones who like working and they are the ones who are self motivated in performing their tasks. These are the employees who do not need much direction from the supervisors and they consider work as an integral part of their life. This kind of theory Y is compared with the Maslows hierarchy theory wherein there is self actualization and self esteem needs among the employees. These are the employees who are motivated with different approaches such as money and other benefits. Therefore it can be inferred that there is a proper relation between the Maslow as well as McGregor theory of motivational approaches (Prottas, 2016). Similarities in Herzbergs and McGregor motivation theory There is a similarity between the Herzberg as well as McGregor motivation theory wherein it relates with the theory Y of McGregor theory. There is a characteristic that is common in both the theories wherein the components of the Herzberg such as recognition, responsibility of the work, advancement as well as motivate people through providing incentives or monetary benefits can have huge effect on making the employees more motivated (Lawter, Kopelman Prottas, 2015). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that there is similarity between the Maslow, McGregor as well as Herzberg theory of motivation in relation to money. The money can be a proper motivational factor that can help in motivating the employees in the entire organization and this is related to the three motivational and hygiene related theories of Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg. References Cao, H., Jiang, J., Oh, L. B., Li, H., Liao, X., Chen, Z. (2013). A Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance.Journal of Service Management,24(2), 170-190. Katenova, M., Mahmood, M., Sharfaraj, M. (2013). EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION IN A TRANSITION ECONOMY: IS HERZBERG THEORY VALID IN KAZAKHSTAN?.Journal of International Management Studies,13(2). Lawter, L., Kopelman, R. E., Prottas, D. J. (2015). McGregor's theory X/Y and job performance: A multilevel, multi-source analysis.Journal of Managerial Issues,27(1-4), 84. Lester, D. (2013). Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), 15-17. Malik, M. E., Naeem, B. (2013). Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), 1031-1036. Prottas, D. J. (2016). McGregor's Theory X/Y and Job Performance: A Multilevel, Multi-source Analysis.Journal of Managerial Issues.

Unseen Literacy commentary Essay Example For Students

Unseen Literacy commentary Essay Although the author never provides a name or much information, the reader can gather that this text is an account of sorts from a neighbour of ‘Gatsby’. The description is reminiscent of a celebration; a party or ball perhaps. Moreover, it is voiced in a first person narrative form and its purpose seems to be simply to inform the reader of ‘Gatsby’ and his having a party. It also hints at the extravagant life style this ‘Gatsby’ construct leads. Although not evidently specified* the reader can assume from the extract that the setting for this party is located within the confines of ‘Gatsby’s’ living proximities, in America, somewhere on the coast. We will write a custom essay on Unseen Literacy commentary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Interestingly, the author adopts the technique of tense shifting. From the offset, the text is in retrospective form; however as the narrative in the extract progresses, so do the tenses; and the expanse of information provided. â€Å"There was music from my neighbour’s house throughout the summer nights.† This inclines the reader to assume that the occasion being described is one of many at the â€Å"neighbour’s† household. The reader will note the use of â€Å"neighbour† here as the author sets up an enigma. The distinct lack of a noun suggests to the reader that perhaps the speaker and neighbour are not on good terms; this draws them in and makes the reader want to know why this could be. â€Å"At least once a fortnight corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough coloured lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden.† An attentive reader will note several very applicable, and one would assume, deliberate devices utilised by the author in this quotation. Firstly, the general attitude employed by the speaker depicts a spiteful and somewhat envious one to say the least. The reader puts emphasis on â€Å"At least† which would infer a disapproving tone in the voice. Also when the speaker describes â€Å"corps of caterers†; a hyperbolised metaphor is proposed, as the word â€Å"corps† is often associated with an army; and of course an army is often associated with a very substantial number of specimens. Within the same quote another metaphor is illustrated: â€Å"enough coloured lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden.† This could also be described as an exaggerated statement. However, there are two single words that are note-worthy both in isolation and together. The fact that the speaker refers to his neighbour as â€Å"Gatsby†, which is his second name, could be indicative in regards to their social relationship. One would usually refer to a person using their surname via a spiteful endearment or when one assumes they are (or in this case desires to be) the others social superior; this is applied in various contexts. Also, with the speaker referring to him as â€Å"Gatsby† perhaps suggest he is a somewhat renowned character. The other word of relative importance is â€Å"enormous†. Again the implied tone of the voice is rather negative. The reader will identify it to be a sarcastic and deeply envious tone. Now in partnership: â€Å"Gatsby’s enormous garden.† Becomes more significant; not only are the envious, sarcastic and spiteful tones being employed but now also an undertone of mockery. The conclusive attitude in the early stanzas of the speaker towards, what is yet the only named construct can only be clarified as one in the exclusively negative persuasion. â€Å"By seven o’clock the orchestra has arrived, no thin five-piece affair, but a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos, and low and high drums.† The first thing the reader notices is â€Å"the orchestra has arrived†. This is significant in terms of tense as it should traditionally be: â€Å"By seven o’clock the orchestra had arrived† (Or so how it is initially perceived) however, it is ‘has’ for a reason. The author uses a tense referred to as the present perfect; this is a very effective way of drawing the reader in as it makes the reader feel like they are at the scene submerged within the story. .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .postImageUrl , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:hover , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:visited , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:active { border:0!important; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:active , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hide and Seek EssayThe voice then familiarises itself with an impressed, yet sarcastic tone: â€Å"no thin five piece affair, but a whole pitful† Again, this emits envious sensations from the speaker which further forces the reader into a bewildered state of mind, thus generating the want to discover the foundation on which these negative outlooks lie. Also the fact that the speaker goes into such detail by naming the various instruments proposes more mockery; this further inclines the reader into detecting tones of envy. â€Å"The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun† The author here once again utilises the present perfect tense to involve the reader. Finally the tense evolves into present tense in the last stanza. â€Å"Suddenly one of the gypsies† This is the first real hint that suggests that the speaker has attended the party; before this the reader gets the impression that he is simply watching from afar, peaking over his garden wall, perhaps. This subconsciously begs the question from the reader who is speaking? Throughout the Author appears to demonstrate recurring metaphors. One of the more subtle metaphors is related to the sea, and water. In the first stanza the speaker illustrates images of Gatsby’s guest swimming in the sea and what not: â€Å"At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft† Also the way in which his â€Å"raft† or boat is described again suggests extensive wealth. At first the mentions of water and sea seem irrelevant but as the reader progresses through the extract they notice subtle uses of water related metaphors to describe the actions of guests: â€Å"floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside† this makes the reader conjure images of masses of people in the garden, which is significant as it again suggests Gatsby is a known figure. The author also describes a specimen of the crowd in a latter stanza as gliding through â€Å"the sea-change† of faces and voices. The aforementioned effect is apparent once more. Having said this, a more substantial recurring metaphor throughout this extract is the use of colour; more specifically yellow. In the first stanza the speaker explains how it is night time; he uses a simile to depict the movement of the guests: â€Å"like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars† This suggests that the guests are a nocturnal creature like moths that are attracted to light. The author also makes reference to a â€Å"yellow bug† the reader could perceive this as a reflection of the guests themselves. Various references to colours of foods and drinks also become apparent in later stanzas: â€Å"turkeys bewitched to dark gold†, â€Å"yellow cocktails.† The author also mentions primary colours, which is significant as yellow itself is a primary colour. Furthermore, I think the overall connotation of the use of yellow is representational of money and wealth; which appears to be a subconsciously recurring motif of the speaker. Within the last line of the final stanza, the reader is, rather frustratingly, introduced to another names character; ‘Gilda Grey’. The author uses this enigma, along with the phrase â€Å"The party has begun† to end the extract. The author only uses this phrase when ‘Gilda Grey’ is introduced, which signifies that she too, is a renowned figure. Also there are â€Å"bursts of chatter† described as news of her presence spreads. The use of the present perfect tense right at the end draws the reader in and makes them want to read on; it is especially effective in such a case as the reader understands that this is the end of a chapter; and one does not simply read part of a chapter. It is evident that the reader doesn’t finish this extract with a whole lot of information. All that is understood after the reading is that the extract is told from the point of view of a neighbour of Gatsby; and that Gatsby appears to be a wealthy, extravagant and indeed a very important figure in the story. In terms of technique and style, it must be noted that the author employs varied tense usage and prominent recurring metaphors to hook the reader and make an interesting, intriguing read to say the least. .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .postImageUrl , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:hover , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:visited , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:active { border:0!important; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:active , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mystery and suspense throughout the book Essay*Is it set in florida? (My thinking this is due to it being on the coast and â€Å"blue gardens† – I just wasn’t sure enough to include it?)

Free Video Editing Programs for Journalists

Free Video Editing Programs for Journalists With more and more news outlets incorporating video onto their websites, learning how to shoot and edit digital video news reports is a must. But while a digital video can now be shot with something as simple and inexpensive as a cellphone, professional video editings software programs like Adobe Premiere Pro or Apples Final Cut can still be daunting for beginners, both in cost and complexity. The good news is that there are plenty of free alternatives. Some, like Windows Movie Maker, are probably already on your computer. Others can be downloaded from the web. And many of these free video editing programs are pretty easy to use. So if you want to add digital video news reports to your blog or website, here are some options that will allow you to do basic video editing quickly and cheaply. (The caveat here is that if you eventually want to produce professional-looking news videos, youre probably going to want to master Premiere Pro or Final Cut at some point. Those are the programs used by professional videographers at news websites, and are well worth learning.) Windows Movie Maker Windows Movie Maker is free, easy-to-use software that will let you do basic video editing, including the ability to add titles, music, and transitions. But beware: Many users say the program crashes frequently, so when youre editing a video save your work frequently. Otherwise, you may lose everything youve done and have to start again. YouTube Video Editor YouTube is the worlds most popular video upload site, so it makes sense that it offers a basic video editing program. But the emphasis here is on BASIC. You can trim your clips and add simple transitions and music, but thats about it. And you can only edit videos that youve already uploaded to YouTube. IMovie iMovie is Apples equivalent of Windows Movie Maker. It comes installed free on Macs. Users say its a good basic editing program, but if you dont have a Mac, youre out of luck. Wax Wax is free video editing software thats a bit more sophisticated than the other programs mentioned here. Its strength is in the array of special effects options offered. But its greater sophistication means a steeper learning curve. Some users say it can be tricky to learn. Lightworks This is a feature-rich editing program that comes in both free and paid versions, but people who have used it say even the free version offers lots of sophisticated features. Of course, as with any of the more versatile editing programs, Lightworks takes time to learn and may be intimidating for neophytes. WeVideo WeVideo is a cloud-based editing program that comes in both free and paid versions. Its both PC and Mac-compatible and offers users the ability to work on their videos anywhere or to share and collaborate on video editing projects.

Henry Ford and Entrepreneurship Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Henry Ford and Entrepreneurship - Term Paper Example In 1891, Ford was hired by the Edison Illuminating Company as an engineer from where he polished his skills later becoming a chief engineer in 1893. 1896 saw the birth of the Ford Quadricycle, a horseless carriage he had in mind. In 1898, he made his second car and it was more technologically advanced than the first one. At this point, he managed to share his initially blurred vision with the masses bringing them on board. This was despite the failures he encountered as it was a big risk trying to convince the business moguls of that time to pump capital into a business that had fallen not once but twice. However, the success of the racing cars baited more financial bankers who now wanted to be party to Ford’s success. The eve of June 16, 1903, marked a breakthrough for Ford with the incorporation of Ford Motor Company. This therefore marked and footnoted him as a force to reckon with. Over the years, scholars have come up with different entrepreneurship theories that entrepre neurs can be categorized. As much as the words entrepreneur and entrepreneurship are used interchangeably, what are their meanings? Van Praag (1999), Essai sur du commerce, in general, admits to Richard Cantillon being the first economic scholar to bring to light an entrepreneur as a pivotal in economics. Say (2001) describes an entrepreneur as the main agent of production in any economy. He further illustrates an entrepreneur as an input in the process of production hence a manager of the firm.

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay - 2

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill CHAPTER 15 - Essay Example Presidents Lincoln and Johnson were of varying opinions that the war was to restore the stateliness of the mess up states. Due to the challenges faced in this process, Lincoln employed the military to not only reconquer the states, but also to regain the status of these states. The treacherous citizens were pardoned in that case, and Lincoln made voters take the oath of Liberation Proclamation (445). Andrew Johnson, an ex- slave possessor was of a low opinion on the blacks and that they should hold the low positions in the society. In this case, Johnson planned to restore the South by proclaiming reprieve on certain classes in the society, those of high class (444). Nothing much maturated from the 13th amendment on abolishing slave trade. Later, the Congress was to design its own plan of reconstruction that touched on the 14th amendment. This amendment according to Brinkley defined citizenship, and was to allow the African Americans part of the state (421). The blacks were also protected from the interference from the state and advocated for reduced representation in the states with disfranchising future supporters. In regard to this amendment, the State and federal nationality for all persons was in simple terms reinstated in spite of an individual’s race either born or naturalized in USA (438). Analysts and researchers argue that the process of reconstruction would have been easier if President Johnson would have accepted the amendment’s measures. However, Johnson was of the opinion that the constitution and the white supremacy would be in subordinated. He, therefore, worked towards defeat of the southern states and establishing a radical Republican Party (415). Historians are justified in calling this period the darkest period of American History since the move by Johnson not only undermined human existence, but also deprived them the right to be at liberty like other humans. If I was in power, I would have definitely put in place

The Management of Industrial Relations

The Management of Industrial Relations How Has The Management Of Industrial Relations In Britain Changed In The Last Three Decades? What Does This Tell Us About The Respective Roles And Influence Of Employers, Management, Trade Unions And The State In Industrial Relations? This paper attempts to examine the changes which have taken place during the 1980s, the 1990s and the period 2000-2010 within the field of industrial relations. According to Edwards (2003:9) The employment relationship is by definition a relationship between an employee and an employer this direct relationship may be mediated by the two other key institutions to IR, the trade union and the state. Therefore this essay will also seek to explore the respective strategies, roles and powers of these actors. The paper has two sections; the first one represents the 1980s and the 1990s whereas the second one represents the period from 1997 into the last decade. In the first section the essay starts by describing the interventionist role that the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher adopted when it came in power in 1979. The legislations passed by the government constitute the reason of the development of very confrontational industrial relations throughout the two decades as they caused an imbalance of power in favour of the management and against trade unions. After seeing the legislative initiatives launched by the government the paper will attempt to describe the advantageous position of managers and employers who managed to re-exert managerial prerogative and to impose harsh managerial strategies. With the power always on their side managers imposed their own â€Å"rules† in the employee relations and showed a preference for individualism (employee/management relationshi p) rather than collectivism (union/management relationship) as they saw benefits such as greater flexibility and greater control over employees. Managers in the UK also start placing attention to HRM policies in the 1980s and seek to implement them in an effort to achieve business goals. But evidence suggests that they failed to implement appropriate Human Resource Management strategies. After that this paper will examine the decline in union membership, in unions ideology and therefore the decline of their overall power. In the second section of the essay we will study the period during which â€Å"the New Labour† was in power. In its effort to put an end to the special relationship it had with the trade unions in the past and to promote neo-liberalism the â€Å"New Labour† kept most of the legislation of the previous government but also established its own. Its main goal was to promote workplace â€Å"partnership† which meant that all actors; employers, employees, trade unions and government would work in collaboration to obtain mutual benefits. The strategies implemented by the government in order to promote workplace â€Å"partnership†, on the one hand helped in fostering employee involvement and communication within the workplace and on the other hand helped unions to reassert some of their lost power. During the period 1979 and 1997 the government clearly allied itself with the side of managers and employers in an effort to protect capitalism (Salamon 2000:92). Later on we will see that the alliance between employers and government against trade unions and the unequal distribution of power meant the beginning of an adversarial employment relationship and industrial relations. Committed to its liberalist/laissez-faire ideologies the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher which came in office sought to achieve one goal: to aid management to reassert its authority and power by constraining the power of trade unions. By adopting a very interventionist role the government proceeded with the launching of eight legislations within thirteen years and targeted at curbing unions ability to organise, their ability to pursue industrial action and particularly strikes and it interfered with their internal affairs (Salamon 2000:103). Salamon (2000:65) itemises a number of laws passed by the government during the period 1989-1997 and which account for the decline of the power of trade unions: The Thatcher Conservative government abolished the closed shop and removed the statutory recognition procedure. It prohibited secondary industrial action. Trades unions were required to ballot union members and proceed to industrial action only with the consent of the majority. The government legally enforced the trade unions to use the ballot process for their national elections. Although the costs of conducting ballots were initially subsidised by the government, the Trade Union and Employment Right Act of 1993 put an end to the provision of funds but the procedure was still legally required (Salamon 2000:152). Furthermore they were considered responsible for unlawful actions authorised by unions officers, committees or shop stewards unless they denounced them. Unions were deprived of their right to punish members who opted not to partake in industrial action even if it was legal. In addition to all these, it was easier for employers to fire employees who took part in strikes. In addition to the legislative restrictions that the government imposed on trade unions it also proceeded with the abolishment of tripartite institutions on which the trade unions were represented such as the MSC and the NEDO (Salamon 2000:65). During the 1980s and 1990s managers saw the balance of power shifting towards their side. This was due as we have seen to national legislation suppressing trade unions. Salamon (2000 :248) argues that this reassertion of power as well as the economic climate with the economic recession, the high rates of unemployment and the competition taking place at the international level prompted managers to adopt a managerial style called macho management. Purcell (1982) cited in Salamon (2000:248) explained macho management as the style of tough managers who neglected and scorned trade unions and whose ultimate interest was to manage and establish order. They were characterised by a great unwillingness to change their policies, to negotiate and to make concessions and they preferred dealing directly with employees rather than through unions. This desire to deal with employees on a individual basis also accounts for the a shift from collectivism to individualism. In other words managers used to have to deal with employee issues through their intermediaries that is to say bodies that represented them, such as trade union whereas now they have to confront employees directly (Salamon 2000:66) . Salamon (2000:82) also explains that the new strategies initiated by the management during the period meant that employees were now engaged through individual contracts and whose terms and conditions were different than the rest of their colleagues and that their reward was dependent on their individual performance. Salamon (2000:66) explains that managers embraced individual employment relationships rather than collective ones as they were more flexible. This flexibility and this emphasis on individualism was also explained by managers attempt to introduce Human Resource policies which made their apparition in the UK in the early 1980s and promised managers what they sought: organisational effectiveness and increased performance (Salamon 2000:234) by eliciting employee commitment. According to Salamon (2000:235-236), these strategies were also ways of enhancing managerial authority because employees were directly now accountable to managers, managers were more able to obtain control and now had the freedom to design strategies that would limit empowerment conceded to employees, and set some boundaries to the terms and conditions of the employment contract. Generally from now on they had more freedom in the decision-making while at the same time employees were committed to them. Once more Salamon (2000:239) explores the possibility that managers took advantage of HR practices in order to manipulate employees and claims that in reality managers only desire is to be able to do their work with the slightest possible confrontation from employees. Kessler and Purcell (2003) claim that there is little evidence, from the WIRS data, demonstrating that organisations were willing or had the potential to use HRM strategies. Instead during the period most managers opted for Bleak House strategies. They also claim that managers mostly resorted to opportunistic and cost minimisation strategies. On the same tone, Blyton and Turnbull (2004:129) explain that the economic downturn during the 1980s and 1990s, the acute international competition, the low skills equilibrium in which the UK was entrapped and the feelings of job insecurity made it impossible for employees and employers to develop the trust needed for the implementation of HR practices and therefore the management relied on opportunistic and pragmatic strategies. The issue of employee voice and most particularly employee representation elicited great attention by the government and the management when the European Court of Justice held in 1994 that the legislative initiatives of the government run counter to the EU directives and that the UK had ended up not respecting employee collective consultation rights. The Conservative government was enforced to amend its regulation which had come to mean that managers should either recognise unions at their workplace or/and set up other forms of collective representative bodies elected by the employees. This prompted some organisations too set up work or company councils. The creation of these councils raises three issues. First of all, they might be a threat to employee rights because managers might use them to by-pass trade unions. Secondly, they are not legally recognized so they have no rights and thirdly, employee representatives in these councils have not the training or experience of trade unio n officials and might therefore not elicit the attention and the respect of the management (Salamon 2000:188). As an example Salamon (2000:189) presents the case study of Bristol West, a non-unionised company which in 1994 introduced the â€Å"partners councils† which were employee representative bodies which allowed employees to express their opinion on the firms Human Resource issues. Although the councils were reserved only for employee representatives the company tried to ensure that there was a professional or manager with them. However, according to Ackers and Payne (1998) cited in Salamon (2000:260), it turned out that the reassertion of managerial authority , the HRM strategies introduced aiming at promoting individualism and employee voice and participation and the decline of powers of trade unions did not give to managers what they sought: order, cohesion and employee commitment. That is why they turned to the â€Å"workplace â€Å"partnership approach in pursuit of these goals. The governments hostile position towards the trade unions as well as the harmful measures it took against trade unions had as subsequent repercussion the decline of union membership. This is illustrated by the figures presented by Salamon (2000:67) according to which during the period 1879-1998 union membership dropped by 5,5 million and by the figures provided by Blyton and Turnbull (2004: 139) which demonstrate that during 1979 and 1997 the number of trade union members fell by over 41 per cent. Nevertheless Salamon (2000:109, 111) also reckons that union membership experienced a striking decline in membership in the 1980s and 1990s because of the changes that took place in industrial and employment structures. The economic conditions of the time meaning low inflation and high levels of unemployment kept workers away from joining unions. Unions used to recruit as members full-time male manual workers who worked in large manufacturing firms as well as the public sector. The shift fo r the manufacturing sector to the service sector, the reduction in the size of firms, the rising female and part-time employment had meant that the trade unions not only lost members but they also had to turn to other types of industries and organisations, in order to seek members, which had not been easy because these organisations had no tradition in union organisation. Diamond and Freedman (2001) cited in Blyton and Turnbull (2004: 143) mention that many unemployed union members had no inducement in maintaining their membership because trade unions were not concerned by people who were on welfare while Cully et al. (1999: 212-213) cited in Blyton and Turnbull (2004:143) argue that other employees contested the unions ability to offer benefits and that is illustrated by the WERS98 data according to which only a 46 per cent of union members believed that trade unions actually provided them with benefits. The trade unions collective consciousness was also negatively affected by the governments legislative measures aiming to (Salamon 2000:152) promote ‘responsible unionism, ‘return the union to its members and protect the individual member against union ‘tyranny. Through the Employment Act of 1988 union members obtained individual rights to inspect the unions financial data to ensure that funds were not spent on illegal actions, to resort to the help of court in case the union would be pursuing unlawful industrial action affecting the member, to be protected from being punished by the trade unions whenever they refused to partake in industrial action even if it was lawful. Salamon (2000:153) argues that now the individual member had the right to refuse to accept and to call into questions decisions of the unions even if they were taken democratically. The individual member could go against the unions. Salamon (2000:124) also argues that the ideologies on which trade unionism relies with the most important one its â€Å"collective solidarity† had also declined due to the fact that trade unions started offering â€Å"modern services† to employees individually. The decline in union membership and collective solidarity that have been already discussed overwhelmingly account for the erosion of power of trade unions. Nevertheless other factors have also contributed. Trade unions found themselves not only confronted to managers and employers who have always been reluctant to cooperate but they also had to face the governments hostility (Salamon 2000:111). Moreover the trade unions were further alienated due to the shift from the concept of collectivism endorsed by trade unions to the concept of individualism embraced by the managers who introduced HRM practices such as direct manager/employee consultation and information or performance-related pay. Salamon (2000:118) discusses the loss of the power of conducting collective bargaining by trade unions due to three main reasons. First their collective bargaining power was curbed by the legislation launched by the Conservative government. Secondly there was the decentralisation of collective bargaining, meaning that the terms and conditions obtained in collective bargaining were no longer applicable across an industry. Furthermore the managers tended to prefer deciding the terms and conditions of employees based on an individual basis as well as to opt for a system of remuneration based on the individuals performance or ability. Millward et al. (2000:197) cited in Blyton and Turnbull (2004:150) claim that during the period 1984-1998 the proportion of employees covered by collective bargaining dropped from 70 per cent to 40 per cent. During the 1980s and the 1990s trade unions were on the defensive. They tried to survive during the 1980s and early 1990s because of the unfavourable economic, political and organisational conditions. In other words they had no choice but to make concessions in order to be become more attractive to managers. These concessions included the establishment of single-union agreements with no strike activity and employee councils (Salamon 2000:130). In 1997 The â€Å"New Labour† came in power with the intention to promote its neo-liberalism strategies. In the past the Labour party had close links with the trade unions with the most significant one their financial contributions to the party (Salamon 2000:122). However when it took over in 1997 it attempted to distance itself from the trade unions and in its intention to do so, it maintained most of the legislative initiatives of the predecessor government. Nevertheless it launched two laws in support of the trade unions. The first of them was the National Minimum Wage Act of 1998 which allowed for the introduction of a national minimum wage (Salamon 2000:68). The second one was the Employment Relations Act in 1999 which allowed for the establishment of a statutory procedure permitting union recognition, provided that an employer could not refuse to employ, punish, fire or discriminate against an employee who is or intends to join a trade union or has taken or intends to pa rticipated in industrial action. The legislation provided for time off from work for trade union officials of independent recognised trade unions without pay loss in order for them to respond to their responsibilities within the union and also allowed for union members to be accompanied by trade union officials during grievance and disciplinary procedures (Salamon 2000: 197). The labour government also signed the social protocol of the treaty of Maastricht and as a result the European Working Time directive as well as the European Works Council directive became part of the UK law (Hyman 2003:54). In addition, the government passed legislation regarding part time employment and parental leave. From the late 1990s towards the beginning of the 2000-2010 period the UK workplace experienced the emergence of the notion of â€Å"partnership† a notion that alludes to the idea that the state, employers, employees and trade unions can collaborate in order to achieve common targets and benefits (Salamon 2000:21). The emergence of the workplace partnership approach was allowed when the â€Å"New Labour† came in power. This approached seemed to be desired by the main actors involved in industrial relations who saw it as the solution to their concerns. The government was determined to eradicate the conflicts in the UK workplace, trade unions saw it as a way of striking an alliance with the management and the government in the pursuit of common benefits and the management saw is as way of achieving order and cohesion at the organisation level as they wished (Salamon 2000:260). Salamon (2000:263) highlights two attributes of the â€Å"partnership† approach which are the commitment for actors to cooperate in order to enhance organisational effectiveness and performance and the recognition that employers and employees have different interests and that is why they should use employee voice and communication mechanisms in order to foster their relationship. Blyton and Turnbull (2004: 253) mentions that during the last years the Labour governments wish to promote the aforementioned â€Å"partnerhip† and the European social policies and Britains effort to put in place the EC Information and Consultations Directive have resulted to an acute interest in various forms of employee involvement and participation. Apart from the improvements that took place during the previous two decades in the matter employee voice and employee representation with the set up of work councils (Salamon 2000:188) , the new governments decision to accept the European Work Council Directive has strengthened even more employee voice but most particularly the adoption by the management of direct forms of participation. Kersley et al (2006:139) searched for evidence of direct forms of communication such as face to face meetings, written two-way communication and downward communication and found out that 63 per cent of all workplaces offered face- to- face meeti ngs as well the opportunity for feedback, and that this figure covered 67 per cent of all employees. They also argued that the WERS2004 data demonstrated that there was a decline in union representation and an increase in direct forms of communication. Although union membership and union recognition had fallen between 1998 and 2004 this decline was much smaller than during the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1998 and 2004 methods of employee representation dropped from three-fifths to approximately one half. On the contrary direct forms of communication were more common and sometimes they had increased (Kersley at al. 2006:143) This emphasis on employee involvement and participation is illustrated by the case study provided by Marchington and Wilkinson (2008: 407) who mention the example of Midbank a firm which won a Saturday Times award for implementing high commitment Human Resource policies and facilitating Employee Involvement and direct and indirect methods of Participation. More precisely, some of the forms of information dissemination as well as employee participation they adopted were the presence of a single union, consultation forums and company newspaper to which employees could contribute. Within the context of partnership Johnstone et al (2007) cited in Marchington and Wilkinson (2008:417) give us the case study of NatBank which signed a partnership agreement in 2000 with the recognised union (Unifi) in their effort to ameliorate the union-management relationship , to contribute to organisational effectiveness and performance, to work for the interest of employees, shareholders and customers an d to commit to the implementation of best practice HRM. The partnership has so far proved to be a success with some of the advantages being a better decision making, and improved employment relations thanks to better communication. From 1997 trade unions were given the opportunity to reassert part of their lost power and influence due to the favourable legislation launched by the â€Å"New Labour†. Trade unions were now able to abandon their defensive position of the 1980s and 1990s and to adopt one more proactive position. Salamon (2000:21) argues that trade unions considered â€Å"partnership† at work as a way of developing a more positive and proactive relationship with managers and play the part in order for the idea of â€Å"social partnership â€Å" to successfully work. This would simultaneously allow them to defend their members interests and to contribute on their part to the workplace and society (Salamon 2000:21). Munro and Rainbird (2004) present the example of the UNISON/employer partnership, a partnership concerning workplace learning and explain that the partnership does not only generate benefits for union members but it also generates benefits to employers who provide cost-effec tive and high quality development to employees through this partnership. The government also seems to be placing great emphasis on this partnership as it has passed legislation (Employment Act of 2002) allowing to Union Learning Representatives to take paid time off in order to carry out their duties and most significantly it has set up the Union Learning Fund. Moreover in 2007 the government conceded the management of the fund to Unionlearn within the TUC acknowledging in this respect the important role of unions in governmental strategies.(Hoque and Bacon 2008). This essay has endeavoured to examine the changes in the roles and in the exertion of power of the actors involved in industrial relations, and most particularly the roles of the government, of the trade unions, of the management and of employers, during the 1980s, the 1990s and the period 2000-2010. It has demonstrated that during the 1980s and the 1990s the legislative agenda of the Conservative government led in very confrontational and adversarial industrial relations as it increased the gap between employers power and trade unions power. Macho management, shift from collectivism to individualism and the attempt of the introduction of HRM practices are the most important processes of the period. In 1997 the â€Å"New Labour† which was elected in power committed itself to implementing the European social model, by promoting fairness and social justice in UK industrial relations as well as harmonisation by promoting the model of â€Å"workplace† partnership. References Blyton, P. and Turnball, P. (2004). The Dynamics of Employee Relations. 3rd edit., Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Edwards, P. (2003)(ed.). Industrial Relations: Theory Practice in Britain. 2nd edit., Oxford:Blackwell. Hoque, K. and Bacon, N. (2008). Trade Unions, Union Learning Representatives and Employer-Provided Training in Britain. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 46(4), 702-731. Hyman, R. (2003). The Historical Evolution of British Industrial Relations in Edwards, P. (2003)(ed.). Industrial Relations: Theory Practice in Britain. 2nd edit., Oxford:Blackwell. Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Gix, G. and Oxenbridge, S. (2006). Inside the Workplace: Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS 2004). London: Routledge. Kessler, B., and Purcell, J. (2003). Individualism and collectivism in industrial relations in Edwards, P. (2003)(ed.). Industrial Relations: Theory Practice in Britain. 2nd edit., Oxford:Blackwell. Marchington, M. and Wilkinson, A. (2008). Human Resource Management at Work. 4th edit., CIPD Munro, A. and Rainbird, H. (2004). Opening doors as well as banging on tables: an assessment of UNISON/employer partnership on learning in the UK public sector. Industrial Relations Journal, 35(5), 419-433. Salamon, M. (2000). Industrial Relations, 4th edit., London: FT Prentice Hall.

Case Study: Poliomyelitis and Nursing

Jeffrey Alba is the eldest son of Jesse and Martha Alba. At twenty-four years of age, he is suffering from a permanent disability. Jeffrey has a poliomyelitis, otherwise known as polio since when he was born. Specifically, he is suffering from spinal polio, a disease that shows no symptoms 90% of the time at its early stages (Fagg, 1990, p. 21) His left leg has completely suffered from muscle atrophy for the past two decades, one of the evidences to the finding that the muscles in the left leg has been receiving little nourishment and exercise due to viral invasion in the spinal column (Beale & Horaud, 2001, p.841).Standing at approximately six feet and weighing at about 75 kilograms, Jeffrey can barely walk without his crutches, and a short-distance walk along the streets of the neighborhood proves to be a tiresome and painful experience for him. The Alba family is composed of four members—parents and two siblings. Jeffrey’s sibling is Jennifer, a young girl of sixteen years. The Alba family resides in the suburban area of Detroit, Michigan and has lived there for the length of their lives. The family’s income is a little below the poverty line, living at about $20,000 annually.The family lives in a rented apartment after their first house was sold in 1990 due to financial difficulties. Client’s Needs Based on the physical configuration of the household’s place, Jeffrey needs the space for him to be able to walk with less hindrance in his path. The fact that Jeffrey walks with the help of his crutches calls for an immediate allocation of sufficient space along the narrow room where the family lives. Unnecessary tables and chairs situated across the living room should be removed or relocated elsewhere where Jeffrey rarely goes.Other furniture pieces such as cabinets that are too high for the client to be reached should be carefully reconfigured so that the client can be able to reach into those areas with minimal help. Since t he rented apartment where the Alba household lives is only a single flat and has no stairs, Jeffrey has no difficulties accessing the other parts of the room except for the fact that there are several tables and chairs that need to be removed from his path. The belongings of Jennifer such as her school bags and books should also be removed from the floor since they can impede the movement of Jeffrey from one place to another.Another observation made is that the rented apartment of the household rests on the fifth floor of the apartment complex. The apartment complex nevertheless has a functional elevator only that there are no emergency power supplies dedicated for powering the elevator during occasional power outages. The apartment complex also has stairs which can be used during emergencies. However, the stairs are steep and prove to be difficult for Jeffrey to use especially when there are other residents using the stairs.Thus, it is advised that Jeffrey should seek the help from his family in using the stairs in times when the elevators are not functioning. More importantly, the underarm crutches that Jeffrey has been using for the past twelve years have not yet been replaced. Although the crutches are still functioning, the metal bars are already partly bent mainly because of the increase in weight in Jeffrey’s body as he grew up through the years. At six feet in height, the underarm crutches used by Jeffrey for the past six years in his life are only appropriate for individuals with a height of five feet and five inches.The shorter length of his underarm crutches can result to back complications since Jeffrey has to stoop in order to adjust to the length of the crutches. Moreover, the physical configuration of his underarm crutches is a bit small compared to his physique. Thus, there is an apparent need for a replacement of the crutches in order to prevent several other complications that may arise from the unsuitable crutches that Jeffrey is usin g. Due to the family’s meager income and budget, Jeffrey has rarely visited a hospital and sought medical advice from a doctor.The last time that the client visited a doctor was when he was still eighteen years of age, barely six years ago. As a result, the family has no update on the current condition of Jeffrey’s polio. From the family pictures taken within the past six years, it can be observed that the left leg of Jeffrey has greatly decreased in size. While the rest of the body of Jeffrey has developed through the years, the muscles of the left leg of the client have continuously shrunk in mass. The need of the client for medical advice is of utmost importance so that further medical problems can be looked into and averted.Budget for the Changes and Evaluation Most of the proposed changes in the Alba household do not require a significant amount of financial funding. The proposed changes in the setting of the apartment room can be done almost immediately and very minimal help from paid professionals. The parents can transfer the tables and chairs inappropriately situated in the living room into the bedrooms. Meanwhile the school belongings of Jennifer such as bags, books and notebooks scattered in the different parts of the floor can be transferred into the empty cabinets.The family can easily provide assistance to Jeffrey when he is using the emergency stairs given the fact that the family is oftentimes idle for several hours during the day. Moreover, the parents can request for the construction of a specialized platform just outside the main entrance to the building from the apartment manager or caretaker. The platform will serve as a safety entrance built especially not only for Jeffrey but also for the rest of the other residents of the apartment complex with permanent disability.The family can also request from the building manager several signs just before the elevator entrance such as signs which inform the public to give sufficient s pace to or prioritize the permanently disabled residents. This proposed change is also relatively free of charge as far as the Alba household is concerned. There are a few things, however, which need financing on the part of the Alba household in addressing the health condition of Jeffrey. For one, the provision of a new pair of crutches for Jeffrey requires payments ranging from $50 to $100.Nevertheless, the family can contact several non-government organizations which provide new crutches to deserving individuals either free of charge or at a lesser purchase price. The family can also send personal letters to government officials requesting for a new pair of crutches that are not only sturdy and can last a lifetime but are also suitable to the physique, height and weight of Jeffrey. Given the need for medical advice from a medical practitioner, the family can decide to bring Jeffrey to a healthcare facility that is funded by non-profit organizations.If possible, however, the famil y can also resort to medical advice from doctors in private hospitals within Detroit. Medical advice can run to a few hundred dollars, depending on the severity of his spinal poliomyelitis and the equipments which will be used in assessing his condition. As far as the planning, completion and evaluation of the client is concerned with respect to nursing diagnosis, there are little to very minimal expenses which may barely include transportation costs, meal expenses and purchases for documentation purposes.The duration of the execution of the case study will range from two weeks to a full month, depending on the results of medical advice sought by the Alba household for Jeffrey from either the non-profit healthcare organization or private hospital. The complete valuation will be composed of at least three visits a week to the household for two weeks to one month, with one to two hours duration per visit.