The Definition and Basic Rules of Punctuation

Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays

Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash.† Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1. reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10.driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc.; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc.; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15. illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;.8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc.; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns  for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc. may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane  markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both.† â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by  driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both.† Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways to Prevent Road Crashes, Papers Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes Free Essays Driving may be the most dangerous activity with which we are involved. Government estimated the death of 4,000 people and injury of 5000 per annum but according to study of WHO in 2009 the yearly death is more than 20,000. Worldwide, the number of people killed in road traffic accident each year is estimated at almost 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2 million, while the number injured could be as high as 50 million. Road traffic injuries constitute a major public health and development crisis, and are predicted to increase manifold gradually. With the number of vehicles rapidly rising in developing countries, road accident is quickly worsening in low and middle-income countries and is on its way to becoming the third leading cause of death and disabilities as epidemic by the year 2020 (WHO 2000) after two deadly diseases Ischaemic heart disease and Unipolar major depression. The total number of road traffic deaths worldwide and injuries is forecast to rise by some 65% between 2000 and 2020, and in least developed and developing countries deaths are expected to increase by as much as 80%. Another statistics revealed that Bangladesh has one of the highest fatality rates internationally in road accidents, over 100 deaths per 10,000 motor vehicles. Some US government departments campaign in 1997, encouraging the removal of the word â€Å"accident† from the traffic management vocabulary and suggested replacing it with the word â€Å"crash. † Because â€Å"Motor vehicle crashes and injuries are predictable, preventable events. Continued use of the word â€Å"accident† promotes the concept that these events are outside of human influence or control. In fact, they are predictable results of specific actions†. â€Å"We can identify their causes and take action to avoid them. These are not ’acts of God,’ but predictable results of the laws of physics†. The profiles of fatal road accidents or crush are, – fatal accidents mainly occur on national highways; predominantly involve vehicles hitting pedestrians. The highest number of fatal accidents by far involve heavy vehicles like buses, minibuses and Trucks). The highest number of fatalities per accident occurs when vehicles collide head on and killed predominantly young persons. The causes of Road accident are identified from the studies are 1.  reckless driving; 2. over- speeding; 3. over- loading; 4. vehicular defects; 5. lack of knowledge and consciousness of the road users; 6. hazardous roads road environments; 7. lack of training to the drivers; 8. lack of training of maintenance of vehicles; 9. poor implementation of Traffic rules regulations; 10. driving under influence of alcohol, drugs etc. ; 11. Non use of helmets, seat belts etc. ; 12. walk on the roads instead of using the footpath; 13. cross the road without using the foot over bridge; 14. drive the vehicles by helpers instead of Drivers; 15.  illegal competition to overtake the vehicle. Studies showed that human behavioral factors collectively represent the main cause of three out of five road traffic crashes, and contribute to the cause in most remaining cases. Here importance should be given on human behavior from both vehicle operators and users aspects. Interestingly, in all cases people use to blame anyone of participants in the incident. Drivers could be rated as either ‘to blame’, ‘at least partly to blame’, or ‘not to blame’ in any given accident. But there were also many other reasons of accident like  -unforeseen mechanical failure etc. Bangladesh has lack of policy formulation and lack effective vehicle monitoring authority and enforcement forces. Due to lack of vehicle monitoring and regular vehicle maintenance unsafe vehicles run on the roads. Besides poor enforcements of traffic and highway regulations and lack of strength of enforcement authorities are considerably â€Å"promoting† traffic accidents. Various research findings have presented strong evidence of an association between traffic conditions and crash probability. For example, vehicle speed has been associated with crashes in numerous studies. The variability in speed and car density increases the likelihood of a crash increases. A higher crash frequency was observed during the peak period and, counter intuitively, with normal weather conditions. The best option to reduce crashes and their side effects has recently prompted research for proactive approaches in order to avoid crash occurrence in the first place. One of the most promising options gaining wide acceptance in recent years is the concept of detecting crash-prone traffic conditions and warning drivers when the likelihood of a crash is high in order to increase their attentiveness, thereby reducing the number of crashes. The study and evidence suggests that when driver attentiveness increases, crashes decline in spite of poor driving and environmental conditions. The measures recommended throughout the world are: 1. avoid reckless driving, over speeding and over loading, 2. defective vehicles can not be derived; 2. provide adequate training to drivers and pedestrians; 3. roads should be properly constructed maintained; 4. strong implementation of traffic rules regulations; 5. pedestrians have to use the footpath instead of walking on the road; 6. safe driving without having alcohol, drugs etc. must be ensured; 7. Use foot over bridge or zebra crossing while passing the road;. 8. Utilize helmets, seat belts, etc. ; 9. 100% concentration is required while driving the Vehicle etc and 10. Massive awareness campaigns for public awareness of the road safety. The awareness and training of all participants can reduce road crush to a significant numbers. It is possible through education of pedestrians, particularly children, women, aged on safe practices when near the road. The education of drivers, particularly heavy vehicle drivers, about road rules and safe driving practices is a must for a country like Bangladesh. The enforcement of laws is very poor in our country. An increased enforcement of Regulations regarding unsafe vehicle condition and others are demand of the day. The increased enforcement of law and regulations regarding reckless or dangerous driving is a must for Bangladesh. One the other hand, rationalization of inappropriate activities on, adjacent to or near the road is crying need of the time. Roads and highways are use for Bazar, parking, cross road passing and use of highways by slow moving vehicles creates risk of accidents. There must be provision of facility where appropriate for conflicting road uses. Improvements of narrow and deteriorated bridges, culverts and lanes in the highways are a must. The appropriate provision of road signs and pavement markings throughout the network, and removal of any obstruction to the placement and effective vehicle regulation is very essential for all roads of the country. The road infrastructures need safety audit and safety conscious planning of new road may be taken immediately. A small changes or improvements in road layout and use of roundabouts and treatments of roadway shoulders can improve road efficiency. The Intersection designs of flaring, channelization, traffic islands etc.  may be incorporated and provision for and augmentation of adequate pedestrian facilities. Treatments of roadside hazards lie trees, ditches, other fixed objects like electric pools, Gas meter /stations should be well planned to avoid obstruction on the road. There may be provision of special facilities for non-motorised vehicles and designated truck/bus lanes and installation of delineation devices (lane markings, guide posts, chevrons) to facilitate and guide traffic movements. Control device for over speeding and dangerous undesirable overtaking including traffic calming measures. Compulsory helmet use for motorcyclists and effective enforcement of laws and sanctions against alcohol impaired drivers and compulsory use of seatbelts by motor vehicle operators and car occupants including child should be effectively enforced. Bangladesh has a moderately written Motor Vehicle Ordinance 1983 providing for non-bailable detention and capital punishment for reckless driving and silent killings on the roads. Such law is not only for punishment of offender drivers but it should be a regulatory law for providing safe road but unfortunately the law is perceived for punishment of drivers. Currently drivers are tried under Sections 304 (A), 304 (B) and 279, all bailable. While one can be given five years under the first section, the offenders can be awarded the highest three years’ jail in the remaining two sections. The civil society and some organizations campaigning for safe road if fact also demanding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) and the Penal Code as well as Motor vehicle Act to penalise the rash drivers of motor vehicles to ensure road safety in the country and to enhance the road crush as offence for capital punishment without considering other major factors of road crush. The proposed amendment to the section 304 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person by doing any rash or negligent act not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years to 10 years with fine or both. † â€Å"Whoever causes the death of any person, by rash or negligent driving of any vehicle or riding on any public way, not amounting to culpable homicide shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years to seven years with fine or both,† according to the proposed amended section of 304 (B) of the penal code. The proposed amendment to the section 338 (A) says, â€Å"Whoever causes grievous injury to any person by driving any vehicle or riding on any public way so rashly or negligently as to endanger human life or the personal safety of others shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one years to five years with fine or both. † Some time police use to file case against drivers under penal code section 302,whichis non bailable and can fetch the death penalty. On the other hand, the Truck drivers association demanded that no case be filed against drivers under Section 302. Driver should not face charges of intentional killing for all the accidents those may be also â€Å"accidental† killing. Drivers have taken one of the riskiest professions to serve the society. The question of professional immunity for unintentional killing is a major concern for drivers. They should be the right of defending themselves for unintentional killing or death for the mistake of victim or defective road or transport etc. The director of Accident Research Institute (ARI) of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has the observation that â€Å"Can we not term it an intentional offence when a driver hits the road with an unfit vehicle, violates traffic rules, like crossing speed limits, changing lanes abruptly, overtaking other vehicles frequently, resulting in deaths?† A road traffic crash results from a combination of factors related to the components of the system comprising roads, the environment, vehicles and road users, and the way they interact. Identifying the risk factors that contribute to road traffic crashes is important in identifying interventions that can reduce the risk associated with those factors A mere increase of punishments of drivers for all kind of accident cannot serve the purpose of safe journey in the road. The global policy is prevention of road crush not the punishment of drivers, one of the road users. Our problem is failure to implementation of the laws. This is an inefficiency of management. Rather, we should have policy of safer people, safer roads, safer vehicles through improvement of safety measures and proper education to all road users including drivers and implementation of existing laws. How to cite Pragmatic Ways To Prevent Road Crashes, Papers

Theory of Motivation In Relation to Money-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Similarities and Relationship among Maslow, Herzberg and Mcgregor theories of Motivation. 2.Discuss about the Similarities in Maslows and Herzbergs Motivation theory. Answers: 1.The Maslows Hierarchy Theory is based on providing proper motivation to the individuals and satisfying the different needs of the individuals as well. Furthermore, the Herzbergs theory includes hygiene as well as motivational approach and this helps in satisfying the needs of the customers as well. Lastly, McGregor X and y approach helps in analyzing the motivation at the workforce that is applied by the managers of the organization. These are the three theories of motivation that has proper relationship with one another and this will help in understanding the similarities as well between one another. From the diagram, it can be analyzed that these three different theories work for creating motivation for the employees in the organization. These are the theories that help in making the employees choose the goals and the needs that will motivate them. 2.Firstly, the Maslows and Herzbergs motivation theory have few similarities that includes that the physiological as well as safety needs are having similarity with the hygiene factors of Herzberg as these both are essential for life (Cao et al., 2013). For example: In order to reach to the safety needs in the Maslows pyramid, the money has to be earned properly and the salary is the hygiene factor in the theory of Herzberg as money has control in maintaining life (Katenova, Mahmood Sharfaraj, 2013) Figure 1: Similarities in Maslows and Herzberg Theory of motivation and hygiene (Source: Created by author) Similarities in Maslows and McGregor Motivation theory Figure 2: Similarities in Maslows and McGregor Motivation theory (Source: Created by author) Similarly, there is relationship between the Maslows and McGregors theory of motivation wherein the individuals who are the ones who dislikes working as well as these are the individuals who have to be controlled as well as threatened to be delivered whatever is required (Malik Naeem, 2013). These are the employees who avoid responsibility and there is no motivation for work. This kind of Theory X employees are compared with the security and safety needs and they cannot perform anything on their own. These are the individuals who cannot be motivated by providing money as well (Lester, 2013). Furthermore, the Theory Y employees are the ones who like working and they are the ones who are self motivated in performing their tasks. These are the employees who do not need much direction from the supervisors and they consider work as an integral part of their life. This kind of theory Y is compared with the Maslows hierarchy theory wherein there is self actualization and self esteem needs among the employees. These are the employees who are motivated with different approaches such as money and other benefits. Therefore it can be inferred that there is a proper relation between the Maslow as well as McGregor theory of motivational approaches (Prottas, 2016). Similarities in Herzbergs and McGregor motivation theory There is a similarity between the Herzberg as well as McGregor motivation theory wherein it relates with the theory Y of McGregor theory. There is a characteristic that is common in both the theories wherein the components of the Herzberg such as recognition, responsibility of the work, advancement as well as motivate people through providing incentives or monetary benefits can have huge effect on making the employees more motivated (Lawter, Kopelman Prottas, 2015). Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that there is similarity between the Maslow, McGregor as well as Herzberg theory of motivation in relation to money. The money can be a proper motivational factor that can help in motivating the employees in the entire organization and this is related to the three motivational and hygiene related theories of Maslow, McGregor and Herzberg. References Cao, H., Jiang, J., Oh, L. B., Li, H., Liao, X., Chen, Z. (2013). A Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance.Journal of Service Management,24(2), 170-190. Katenova, M., Mahmood, M., Sharfaraj, M. (2013). EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION IN A TRANSITION ECONOMY: IS HERZBERG THEORY VALID IN KAZAKHSTAN?.Journal of International Management Studies,13(2). Lawter, L., Kopelman, R. E., Prottas, D. J. (2015). McGregor's theory X/Y and job performance: A multilevel, multi-source analysis.Journal of Managerial Issues,27(1-4), 84. Lester, D. (2013). Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological Reports,113(1), 15-17. Malik, M. E., Naeem, B. (2013). Towards understanding controversy on Herzberg theory of motivation.World Applied Sciences Journal,24(8), 1031-1036. Prottas, D. J. (2016). McGregor's Theory X/Y and Job Performance: A Multilevel, Multi-source Analysis.Journal of Managerial Issues.

Unseen Literacy commentary Essay Example For Students

Unseen Literacy commentary Essay Although the author never provides a name or much information, the reader can gather that this text is an account of sorts from a neighbour of ‘Gatsby’. The description is reminiscent of a celebration; a party or ball perhaps. Moreover, it is voiced in a first person narrative form and its purpose seems to be simply to inform the reader of ‘Gatsby’ and his having a party. It also hints at the extravagant life style this ‘Gatsby’ construct leads. Although not evidently specified* the reader can assume from the extract that the setting for this party is located within the confines of ‘Gatsby’s’ living proximities, in America, somewhere on the coast. We will write a custom essay on Unseen Literacy commentary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Interestingly, the author adopts the technique of tense shifting. From the offset, the text is in retrospective form; however as the narrative in the extract progresses, so do the tenses; and the expanse of information provided. â€Å"There was music from my neighbour’s house throughout the summer nights.† This inclines the reader to assume that the occasion being described is one of many at the â€Å"neighbour’s† household. The reader will note the use of â€Å"neighbour† here as the author sets up an enigma. The distinct lack of a noun suggests to the reader that perhaps the speaker and neighbour are not on good terms; this draws them in and makes the reader want to know why this could be. â€Å"At least once a fortnight corps of caterers came down with several hundred feet of canvas and enough coloured lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden.† An attentive reader will note several very applicable, and one would assume, deliberate devices utilised by the author in this quotation. Firstly, the general attitude employed by the speaker depicts a spiteful and somewhat envious one to say the least. The reader puts emphasis on â€Å"At least† which would infer a disapproving tone in the voice. Also when the speaker describes â€Å"corps of caterers†; a hyperbolised metaphor is proposed, as the word â€Å"corps† is often associated with an army; and of course an army is often associated with a very substantial number of specimens. Within the same quote another metaphor is illustrated: â€Å"enough coloured lights to make a Christmas tree of Gatsby’s enormous garden.† This could also be described as an exaggerated statement. However, there are two single words that are note-worthy both in isolation and together. The fact that the speaker refers to his neighbour as â€Å"Gatsby†, which is his second name, could be indicative in regards to their social relationship. One would usually refer to a person using their surname via a spiteful endearment or when one assumes they are (or in this case desires to be) the others social superior; this is applied in various contexts. Also, with the speaker referring to him as â€Å"Gatsby† perhaps suggest he is a somewhat renowned character. The other word of relative importance is â€Å"enormous†. Again the implied tone of the voice is rather negative. The reader will identify it to be a sarcastic and deeply envious tone. Now in partnership: â€Å"Gatsby’s enormous garden.† Becomes more significant; not only are the envious, sarcastic and spiteful tones being employed but now also an undertone of mockery. The conclusive attitude in the early stanzas of the speaker towards, what is yet the only named construct can only be clarified as one in the exclusively negative persuasion. â€Å"By seven o’clock the orchestra has arrived, no thin five-piece affair, but a whole pitful of oboes and trombones and saxophones and viols and cornets and piccolos, and low and high drums.† The first thing the reader notices is â€Å"the orchestra has arrived†. This is significant in terms of tense as it should traditionally be: â€Å"By seven o’clock the orchestra had arrived† (Or so how it is initially perceived) however, it is ‘has’ for a reason. The author uses a tense referred to as the present perfect; this is a very effective way of drawing the reader in as it makes the reader feel like they are at the scene submerged within the story. .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .postImageUrl , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:hover , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:visited , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:active { border:0!important; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:active , .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9 .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u99c059f598e18ac84ac1d243b030cfc9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hide and Seek EssayThe voice then familiarises itself with an impressed, yet sarcastic tone: â€Å"no thin five piece affair, but a whole pitful† Again, this emits envious sensations from the speaker which further forces the reader into a bewildered state of mind, thus generating the want to discover the foundation on which these negative outlooks lie. Also the fact that the speaker goes into such detail by naming the various instruments proposes more mockery; this further inclines the reader into detecting tones of envy. â€Å"The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun† The author here once again utilises the present perfect tense to involve the reader. Finally the tense evolves into present tense in the last stanza. â€Å"Suddenly one of the gypsies† This is the first real hint that suggests that the speaker has attended the party; before this the reader gets the impression that he is simply watching from afar, peaking over his garden wall, perhaps. This subconsciously begs the question from the reader who is speaking? Throughout the Author appears to demonstrate recurring metaphors. One of the more subtle metaphors is related to the sea, and water. In the first stanza the speaker illustrates images of Gatsby’s guest swimming in the sea and what not: â€Å"At high tide in the afternoon I watched his guests diving from the tower of his raft† Also the way in which his â€Å"raft† or boat is described again suggests extensive wealth. At first the mentions of water and sea seem irrelevant but as the reader progresses through the extract they notice subtle uses of water related metaphors to describe the actions of guests: â€Å"floating rounds of cocktails permeate the garden outside† this makes the reader conjure images of masses of people in the garden, which is significant as it again suggests Gatsby is a known figure. The author also describes a specimen of the crowd in a latter stanza as gliding through â€Å"the sea-change† of faces and voices. The aforementioned effect is apparent once more. Having said this, a more substantial recurring metaphor throughout this extract is the use of colour; more specifically yellow. In the first stanza the speaker explains how it is night time; he uses a simile to depict the movement of the guests: â€Å"like moths among the whisperings and the champagne and the stars† This suggests that the guests are a nocturnal creature like moths that are attracted to light. The author also makes reference to a â€Å"yellow bug† the reader could perceive this as a reflection of the guests themselves. Various references to colours of foods and drinks also become apparent in later stanzas: â€Å"turkeys bewitched to dark gold†, â€Å"yellow cocktails.† The author also mentions primary colours, which is significant as yellow itself is a primary colour. Furthermore, I think the overall connotation of the use of yellow is representational of money and wealth; which appears to be a subconsciously recurring motif of the speaker. Within the last line of the final stanza, the reader is, rather frustratingly, introduced to another names character; ‘Gilda Grey’. The author uses this enigma, along with the phrase â€Å"The party has begun† to end the extract. The author only uses this phrase when ‘Gilda Grey’ is introduced, which signifies that she too, is a renowned figure. Also there are â€Å"bursts of chatter† described as news of her presence spreads. The use of the present perfect tense right at the end draws the reader in and makes them want to read on; it is especially effective in such a case as the reader understands that this is the end of a chapter; and one does not simply read part of a chapter. It is evident that the reader doesn’t finish this extract with a whole lot of information. All that is understood after the reading is that the extract is told from the point of view of a neighbour of Gatsby; and that Gatsby appears to be a wealthy, extravagant and indeed a very important figure in the story. In terms of technique and style, it must be noted that the author employs varied tense usage and prominent recurring metaphors to hook the reader and make an interesting, intriguing read to say the least. .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .postImageUrl , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:hover , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:visited , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:active { border:0!important; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:active , .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub65b62edf1f015eb6a24917485ed8e0c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mystery and suspense throughout the book Essay*Is it set in florida? (My thinking this is due to it being on the coast and â€Å"blue gardens† – I just wasn’t sure enough to include it?)

Free Video Editing Programs for Journalists

Free Video Editing Programs for Journalists With more and more news outlets incorporating video onto their websites, learning how to shoot and edit digital video news reports is a must. But while a digital video can now be shot with something as simple and inexpensive as a cellphone, professional video editings software programs like Adobe Premiere Pro or Apples Final Cut can still be daunting for beginners, both in cost and complexity. The good news is that there are plenty of free alternatives. Some, like Windows Movie Maker, are probably already on your computer. Others can be downloaded from the web. And many of these free video editing programs are pretty easy to use. So if you want to add digital video news reports to your blog or website, here are some options that will allow you to do basic video editing quickly and cheaply. (The caveat here is that if you eventually want to produce professional-looking news videos, youre probably going to want to master Premiere Pro or Final Cut at some point. Those are the programs used by professional videographers at news websites, and are well worth learning.) Windows Movie Maker Windows Movie Maker is free, easy-to-use software that will let you do basic video editing, including the ability to add titles, music, and transitions. But beware: Many users say the program crashes frequently, so when youre editing a video save your work frequently. Otherwise, you may lose everything youve done and have to start again. YouTube Video Editor YouTube is the worlds most popular video upload site, so it makes sense that it offers a basic video editing program. But the emphasis here is on BASIC. You can trim your clips and add simple transitions and music, but thats about it. And you can only edit videos that youve already uploaded to YouTube. IMovie iMovie is Apples equivalent of Windows Movie Maker. It comes installed free on Macs. Users say its a good basic editing program, but if you dont have a Mac, youre out of luck. Wax Wax is free video editing software thats a bit more sophisticated than the other programs mentioned here. Its strength is in the array of special effects options offered. But its greater sophistication means a steeper learning curve. Some users say it can be tricky to learn. Lightworks This is a feature-rich editing program that comes in both free and paid versions, but people who have used it say even the free version offers lots of sophisticated features. Of course, as with any of the more versatile editing programs, Lightworks takes time to learn and may be intimidating for neophytes. WeVideo WeVideo is a cloud-based editing program that comes in both free and paid versions. Its both PC and Mac-compatible and offers users the ability to work on their videos anywhere or to share and collaborate on video editing projects.

Henry Ford and Entrepreneurship Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Henry Ford and Entrepreneurship - Term Paper Example In 1891, Ford was hired by the Edison Illuminating Company as an engineer from where he polished his skills later becoming a chief engineer in 1893. 1896 saw the birth of the Ford Quadricycle, a horseless carriage he had in mind. In 1898, he made his second car and it was more technologically advanced than the first one. At this point, he managed to share his initially blurred vision with the masses bringing them on board. This was despite the failures he encountered as it was a big risk trying to convince the business moguls of that time to pump capital into a business that had fallen not once but twice. However, the success of the racing cars baited more financial bankers who now wanted to be party to Ford’s success. The eve of June 16, 1903, marked a breakthrough for Ford with the incorporation of Ford Motor Company. This therefore marked and footnoted him as a force to reckon with. Over the years, scholars have come up with different entrepreneurship theories that entrepre neurs can be categorized. As much as the words entrepreneur and entrepreneurship are used interchangeably, what are their meanings? Van Praag (1999), Essai sur du commerce, in general, admits to Richard Cantillon being the first economic scholar to bring to light an entrepreneur as a pivotal in economics. Say (2001) describes an entrepreneur as the main agent of production in any economy. He further illustrates an entrepreneur as an input in the process of production hence a manager of the firm.

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume Essay - 2

TEXTBOOK-Brinkley, American History, Connecting with the Past, Volume II, McGraw Hill CHAPTER 15 - Essay Example Presidents Lincoln and Johnson were of varying opinions that the war was to restore the stateliness of the mess up states. Due to the challenges faced in this process, Lincoln employed the military to not only reconquer the states, but also to regain the status of these states. The treacherous citizens were pardoned in that case, and Lincoln made voters take the oath of Liberation Proclamation (445). Andrew Johnson, an ex- slave possessor was of a low opinion on the blacks and that they should hold the low positions in the society. In this case, Johnson planned to restore the South by proclaiming reprieve on certain classes in the society, those of high class (444). Nothing much maturated from the 13th amendment on abolishing slave trade. Later, the Congress was to design its own plan of reconstruction that touched on the 14th amendment. This amendment according to Brinkley defined citizenship, and was to allow the African Americans part of the state (421). The blacks were also protected from the interference from the state and advocated for reduced representation in the states with disfranchising future supporters. In regard to this amendment, the State and federal nationality for all persons was in simple terms reinstated in spite of an individual’s race either born or naturalized in USA (438). Analysts and researchers argue that the process of reconstruction would have been easier if President Johnson would have accepted the amendment’s measures. However, Johnson was of the opinion that the constitution and the white supremacy would be in subordinated. He, therefore, worked towards defeat of the southern states and establishing a radical Republican Party (415). Historians are justified in calling this period the darkest period of American History since the move by Johnson not only undermined human existence, but also deprived them the right to be at liberty like other humans. If I was in power, I would have definitely put in place